In 1980, political scientist Robert Axelrod staged a tournament: computer programs played the prisoner's dilemma against each other, over and over. The winner, submitted by Anatol Rapoport, was the shortest of all: “tit for tat”, which cooperates on the first move, then copies the opponent's last choice. Nice, quick to retaliate, quick to forgive and easy to read: a recipe for cooperation.
How many different structures can you build with six classic 2-by-4 Lego bricks of the same colour? The company used to quote just over 102 million. In 2005, Danish mathematician Søren Eilers recounted everything by computer: 915,103,765 combinations. The official estimate had been too low by a factor of about nine.
Fold an A4 sheet in half and you get an A5 with the same proportions. That only works for one ratio between length and width: about 1.414, the square root of 2. The A0 format measures exactly one square metre, and A4 is a sixteenth of it. With standard 80-gram-per-square-metre paper, an A4 sheet therefore weighs exactly 5 grams.