A cowboy fires at random at a barn, then paints a target around the tightest cluster of holes and calls himself a crack shot. This fallacy threatens anyone looking for patterns after the fact. Chance always creates clusters: in a large country, some villages will inevitably have more cases of a disease than average, with no special cause. The real question: could it have been predicted in advance?
How many different structures can you build with six classic 2-by-4 Lego bricks of the same colour? The company used to quote just over 102 million. In 2005, Danish mathematician Søren Eilers recounted everything by computer: 915,103,765 combinations. The official estimate had been too low by a factor of about nine.
Fold an A4 sheet in half and you get an A5 with the same proportions. That only works for one ratio between length and width: about 1.414, the square root of 2. The A0 format measures exactly one square metre, and A4 is a sixteenth of it. With standard 80-gram-per-square-metre paper, an A4 sheet therefore weighs exactly 5 grams.