According to the historian Suetonius, Julius Caesar encrypted his letters by shifting each letter three places: A became D, B became E. Clever for its time, but fragile: there are only 25 possible shifts, all of which can be tried by hand. The principle still lives on online as ROT13, used to hide puzzle answers or film spoilers.
How many different structures can you build with six classic 2-by-4 Lego bricks of the same colour? The company used to quote just over 102 million. In 2005, Danish mathematician Søren Eilers recounted everything by computer: 915,103,765 combinations. The official estimate had been too low by a factor of about nine.
Fold an A4 sheet in half and you get an A5 with the same proportions. That only works for one ratio between length and width: about 1.414, the square root of 2. The A0 format measures exactly one square metre, and A4 is a sixteenth of it. With standard 80-gram-per-square-metre paper, an A4 sheet therefore weighs exactly 5 grams.